Kaliaskarova, Gulfaruz, and Gulnara Mussabalina. 2025. “Development of Navigation and Merchant Trade on the Irtysh River in the Second Half of the XIX Century: Economic and Social Aspects of the Cities of the Irtysh Region”. Bulletin of the Karaganda University History. Philosophy Series 11830 (2):70-78. https://doi.org/10.31489/2025hph2/70-78.