The medieval city Syganak (according to written and archaeological sources)

Abstract

This article analyzes written and archaeological sources about the etymology of the medieval city of Syganak, which was the center of civilization, irrigated agriculture and settled economy. Historical sources about the socio-economic and political development of the city of Syganak, which is the 11th-13th centuries, are also analyzed. the capital of the Kipchak Khanate, the 14th–15th centuries. center of Ak-Orda, XV–XVI centuries. Kazakh Khanate. Еxamination and analysis of the latest results of archaeological excavations included in the scientific circulation, comparison of the written and ethnographic information in their hands, on the basis of which - the restoration of historical truth regarding the socio-economic and political situation of medieval cities. A classification is given for various types of pottery of the late Middle Ages. The influence of the ceramic industry on the development of cities has been determined; trademarks have been established on ceramic ware, their origin and structure; Kazakh traditional handicrafts, their level of development in cities, architectural monuments were investigated, characteristics were given, information on irrigation systems was specified; A scientific forecast is given regarding the factors that influenced the social development of cities, changes in the interior of residential buildings, and the ethnic structure of urban residents.